Intent: Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.*
This post is another love story about software patterns. I love programming to interfaces. Today I am going to talk about one of my favorite benefits of doing this, leveraging the Decorator pattern. What follows is a simple class getting refactored/developed to use the Decorator pattern.
Take for example this simple class:
public class Repository { public void Save(Product product) { // do stuff } }
Lets suppose you want to add logging to this class. What do you do? This maybe?
public class Repository { ILog log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Repository)); public void Save(Product product) { if(log.IsDebugEnabled) log.Debug("Some nifty message here"); // do stuff } }
However, now we have violated the principal of Seperation of Concerns. If we refactor the original class to an interface we get:
public interface Repository { void Save(Product product); }
public class DefaultRepository: Repository { public void Save(Product product) { // do stuff } }
Yes, I did not put an "I" on the interface on purpose. Now that we have the interface we can add this class:
public class LoggingRepositoryDecorator { ILog log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Repository)); Repository _inner;
public LoggingRepositoryDecorator(Repository repository) { this._inner = repository; } public void Save(Product product) { if(log.IsDebugEnabled) log.Debug("Some nifty message here"); this._inner.Save(product); } }
Now we have seperated our concerns (Yea!) and demonstrated the Decorator pattern. You use it like this:
Repository repo = new LoggingRepositoryDecorator(new DefaultRepository);
See how it gets decorated or "wrapped?" The client code has no concept that there is logging involved. If you use some kind of factory to generate the Repositor instance you can turn the logging on and off quite easily by either wrapping or not wrapping the Repository instance. For some examples chech out. You can do alot of infrastrutry things this way, security, logging, tracing, etc. This is also a kind of poorman's AOP.
Also Head First Design Patterns does a great job explaining this pattern.