<rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/" xmlns:copyright="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss" xmlns:image="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/image/">
    <channel>
        <title>Running with Code</title>
        <link>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/Default.aspx</link>
        <description>Like scissors, only more dangerous</description>
        <language>en-US</language>
        <copyright>Robert Paveza</copyright>
        <managingEditor>robp@terralever.com</managingEditor>
        <generator>Subtext Version 0.0.0.0</generator>
        <image>
            <title>Running with Code</title>
            <url>http://geekswithblogs.net/images/RSS2Image.gif</url>
            <link>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/Default.aspx</link>
            <width>77</width>
            <height>60</height>
        </image>
        <item>
            <title>Software Development and LEGOs</title>
            <link>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/archive/2008/08/20/software-development-and-legos.aspx</link>
            <description>&lt;p&gt;I recently went to my cousin's birthday party (he turned 6), and since he's apparently become a huge Star Wars fan (read: played LEGO Star Wars and loves shooting off C-3PO's leg), my parents decided to get him a couple small Star Wars LEGO toys that were designed for that age group.  They're small - maybe 30 pieces or so - but they're still pretty neat, and I can't help but be amazed at how the pieces still come together to form the whole.  I was a LEGO and K'nex fanatic when I was younger, but I don't think I really played around with them since I was 14 or so - ever since I left Illinois.  So when I was asked to help my cousin put them together, my first reaction was, "Hey, I don't do that anymore."  But as I got started, I was drawn in - even on the little 30-piece landspeeder.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;And so, I recently made one of the biggest entirely-vanity buys since I've moved into my new place:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SoftwareDevelopmentandLEGOs_10171/Box_2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="border-top-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px" height="484" alt="The box" src="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SoftwareDevelopmentandLEGOs_10171/Box_thumb.jpg" width="512" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://shop.lego.com/ByTheme/Product.aspx?p=10030&amp;amp;cn=416"&gt;"Ultimate Collector's Edition" Imperial Star Destroyer&lt;/a&gt;.  I couldn't bring myself to invest the full $500 in the &lt;a href="http://shop.lego.com/ByTheme/Product.aspx?p=10179&amp;amp;cn=416"&gt;Millenium Falcon&lt;/a&gt;, but I thought that the price wasn't too insane, a paltry 3104 pieces wasn't too daunting, and that I would have enough fun putting together the monstrous 37" set.  The instruction book is about the thickness of my high school year books, and I'm disappointed but not entirely surprised that they didn't include the hyperdrive units as part of the set.  I guess I'm on my own for making it actually fly.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;I took the pieces out and set them on my dining room table, and as I analyze the rather daunting task ahead, I realized that, really, it's like my every day job.  And the first page of the book seemed to confirm it:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SoftwareDevelopmentandLEGOs_10171/page1_2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="border-top-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px" height="484" alt="Page 1: The Phantom Frame" src="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SoftwareDevelopmentandLEGOs_10171/page1_thumb.jpg" width="644" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Everything is done in components.  We have a frame, then a wing, then another wing.  The bridge.  All of these go together with little regard for how the rest of the ship is built.  Just like we build software.  We try to solve a problem, but we try to make sure that our components can be used or adapted to solve another problem as well.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;So maybe all of my formative years building with those LEGO sets weren't for nought.  Maybe they were setting the stage for software development even then, tuning my problem-solving skills, making me think of things as tasks to be decomposed until the smallest task can be approached.  Who's to say?&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Sadly, my software development experience doesn't have a way for me to estimate time to build this bad boy.  But at least my motivation's there!&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SoftwareDevelopmentandLEGOs_10171/IMG_1007.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="border-top-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px" height="484" alt="On the dining room table" src="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SoftwareDevelopmentandLEGOs_10171/IMG_1007_thumb.jpg" width="644" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Update: Check out the &lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/28695723@N03/sets/72157606873423481/"&gt;building marathon&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=6cda6ad746d942b9a1110d0715a4fa12&amp;u=124595"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=6cda6ad746d942b9a1110d0715a4fa12&amp;u=124595" border="0"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://ads.geekswithblogs.net/a.aspx?ZoneID=5&amp;amp;Task=Get&amp;amp;PageID=31016&amp;amp;SiteID=1" width=1 height=1 Marginwidth=0 Marginheight=0 Hspace=0 Vspace=0 Frameborder=0 Scrolling=No&gt;
&lt;script language='javascript1.1' src="http://ads.geekswithblogs.net/a.aspx?ZoneID=5&amp;amp;Task=Get&amp;amp;Browser=NETSCAPE4&amp;amp;NoCache=True&amp;PageID=31016&amp;amp;SiteID=1"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;a href="http://ads.geekswithblogs.net/a.aspx?ZoneID=5&amp;amp;Task=Click&amp;amp;Mode=HTML&amp;amp;SiteID=1&amp;amp;PageID=31016" target="_blank"&gt;
&lt;img src="http://ads.geekswithblogs.net/a.aspx?ZoneID=5&amp;amp;Task=Get&amp;amp;Mode=HTML&amp;amp;SiteID=1&amp;amp;PageID=31016" width="1" height="1" border="0"  alt=""&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/noscript&gt;
&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;img src="http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/aggbug/124595.aspx" width="1" height="1" /&gt;</description>
            <dc:creator>Robert Paveza</dc:creator>
            <guid>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/archive/2008/08/20/software-development-and-legos.aspx</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2008 01:18:36 GMT</pubDate>
            <wfw:comment>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/comments/124595.aspx</wfw:comment>
            <comments>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/archive/2008/08/20/software-development-and-legos.aspx#feedback</comments>
            <wfw:commentRss>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/comments/commentRss/124595.aspx</wfw:commentRss>
            <trackback:ping>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/services/trackbacks/124595.aspx</trackback:ping>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>Speedy C#, Part 3: Understanding Memory References, Pinned Objects, and Pointers</title>
            <link>http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/archive/2008/08/13/speedy-c-part-3-understanding-memory-references-pinned-objects-and.aspx</link>
            <description>&lt;p&gt;So often in the managed world we're able to get away with not worrying about memory management.  "But the GC takes care of cleaning my objects for me!"  That's true; but if you want your application to be performant, you should at least understand what's going on in all of those circuits and silicon.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href="http://geekswithblogs.net/robp/archive/2008/08/07/speedy-c-part-2-optimizing-memory-allocations---pooling-and.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;Part 2&lt;/a&gt;, I talked a bit about how creating object pools can help you to avoid garbage collections by keeping memory allocated for a long time.  Here, I'm going to talk a bit more extensively about how objects are stored in memory, what a "pinned object" is, and how pointers can be used quickly in C#.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; This article assumes you are familiar with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer" target="_blank"&gt;pointers and pointer arithmetic&lt;/a&gt;.  If not, you may wish to brush up.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Objects in Memory - A Closer Look at the Heap&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p&gt;When you create an instance of a class (not a struct or an enum), your object is being stored on the "heap" - a large contiguous area of memory that is just there.  (For more information on the heap, read up on Part 2).  This includes, interestingly enough, any Array objects you create (such as a byte[[) - they're reference objects, not value objects.  (The one exception is if you use the &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cx9s2sy4(VS.71).aspx" target="_blank"&gt;stackalloc&lt;/a&gt; operator in C#).  So, suppose I make the following class:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-right: gray 1px solid; padding-right: 4px; border-top: gray 1px solid; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 4px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; overflow: auto; border-left: gray 1px solid; width: 97.5%; cursor: text; max-height: 200px; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 4px; border-bottom: gray 1px solid; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; background-color: #f4f4f4"&gt;   &lt;div style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;     &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   1:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; Sample&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   2:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   3:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; A;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   4:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt; B;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   5:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;short&lt;/span&gt; C;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   6:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;short&lt;/span&gt; D;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   7:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here's how it would conceptually look in a memory block:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SpeedyCPart3UnderstandingMemoryReference_221/image_2.png"&gt;&lt;img style="border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-bottom: 0px" height="96" alt="An instance of Sample in memory" src="http://geekswithblogs.net/images/geekswithblogs_net/robp/WindowsLiveWriter/SpeedyCPart3UnderstandingMemoryReference_221/image_thumb.png" width="890" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the class is laid out contiguously (although the CLR does not guarantee this behavior unless it is decorated with [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]).  Still, you get the idea.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, when we create an object and get a reference to it, we don't actually get a pointer to the object - we get a "reference".  This isn't a reference like you might expect in C or C++, either; rather, it's similar to a handle.  We can use it just like it's conceptually in memory like I laid out.  However, the CLR hides implementation details; for example, every object on the heap has at least a reference to its &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtimetypehandle.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;RuntimeTypeHandle&lt;/a&gt; so that casting can be checked at runtime.  To demonstrate, let's take a byte[].  When it's stored on the heap, it's pretty clear what we're looking at.  Arrays of any type are an interesting edge case in .NET; normally, C# does not allow you to obtain a pointer of a managed type (and in fact you can't do what I'm about to demonstrate with a reference type), but arrays themselves ARE managed types (don't worry about the last two lines of output just yet).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style="border-right: gray 1px solid; padding-right: 4px; border-top: gray 1px solid; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 4px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; overflow: auto; border-left: gray 1px solid; width: 97.5%; cursor: text; max-height: 200px; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 4px; border-bottom: gray 1px solid; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; background-color: #f4f4f4"&gt;
  &lt;div style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;
    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   1:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; unsafe void Main(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;[] args)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   2:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   3:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;byte&lt;/span&gt;[] bytes = &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;byte&lt;/span&gt;[100];&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   4:&lt;/span&gt;     bytes[0] = 1;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   5:&lt;/span&gt;     bytes[1] = 2;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   6:&lt;/span&gt;     bytes[2] = 3;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   7:&lt;/span&gt;     bytes[3] = 4;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   8:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   9:&lt;/span&gt;     Type arrayType = null;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  10:&lt;/span&gt;     fixed (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;byte&lt;/span&gt;* pMem = &amp;amp;bytes[0])&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  11:&lt;/span&gt;     {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  12:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;)pMem);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  13:&lt;/span&gt;         int* pArrayBase = (int*) pMem;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  14:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x8}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pArrayBase);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  15:&lt;/span&gt;         pArrayBase--;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  16:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x8}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pArrayBase);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  17:&lt;/span&gt;         pArrayBase--;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  18:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x8}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pArrayBase);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  19:&lt;/span&gt;         pArrayBase--;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  20:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x8}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pArrayBase);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  21:&lt;/span&gt;         pArrayBase--;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  22:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x8}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pArrayBase);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  23:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt; rtth = *(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;*) pArrayBase;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  24:&lt;/span&gt;         RuntimeTypeHandle handle;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  25:&lt;/span&gt;         // RTTH &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;is&lt;/span&gt; a value-type whose only member &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;is&lt;/span&gt; an IntPtr; can be &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;set&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; a &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;on&lt;/span&gt; x64&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  26:&lt;/span&gt;         RuntimeTypeHandle* pH = &amp;amp;handle;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  27:&lt;/span&gt;         *((&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;*) pH) = rtth;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  28:&lt;/span&gt;         arrayType = Type.GetTypeFromHandle(handle);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  29:&lt;/span&gt;     }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  30:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  31:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; (arrayType != null)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  32:&lt;/span&gt;     {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  33:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(arrayType.Name);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  34:&lt;/span&gt;     }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  35:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  36:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"byte[] RTTH: {0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;typeof&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;byte&lt;/span&gt;[]).TypeHandle.Value.ToInt64());&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  37:&lt;/span&gt;     int a = 1;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  38:&lt;/span&gt;     int b = 2;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  39:&lt;/span&gt;     int* pA = &amp;amp;a;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  40:&lt;/span&gt;     int* pB = &amp;amp;b;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  41:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(*pB);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  42:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(*(pB - 1));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  43:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  44:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  45:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now, just to clarify: I run on x64.  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color="#ff0000"&gt;The above code will not function as expected on x86&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  There are a few items that will also produce slightly varying results for you; for instance, pMem shouldn't be cast to a long on x86, and to get to the instance's stored RTTH, you only need to decrement the pointer 3 times on x86 (whereas the RTTH on x64 is 8 bytes long).  Here's the output on my machine:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div&gt;
  &lt;pre class="csharpcode"&gt;0000000002a31748                Console.WriteLine("{0:x16}", (long)pMem);
04030201                        Console.WriteLine("{0:x8}", *(pMem));
00000000                        Console.WriteLine("{0:x8}", *(pMem - 1));
00000064                        Console.WriteLine("{0:x8}", *(pMem - 2));
00000642                        Console.WriteLine("{0:x8}", *(pMem - 3));
7890a4a8                        Console.WriteLine("{0:x8}", *(pMem - 4));&lt;br /&gt;Byte[]                          Console.WriteLine(arrayType.Name);
byte[] RTTH: 00000642789562c2   Console.WriteLine("{0:x16}", typeof(byte[]).TypeHandle.Value.ToInt64());
2                               Console.WriteLine(*pB);
1                               Console.WriteLine(*(pB - 1));&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;So, here we see that the runtime type identifier is stored as part of the object reference on the heap; so is the array length (that's the hex value 00000064 that you see on the fourth line of output - it's 100 in decimal).  That's how arrays are stored on the heap, and it's pretty much how objects are stored; when we have an object reference, we can treat it as if it's a pointer into memory.  But it's more than that; below our "pointer" exists additional information about the object.  We don't get to see that additional information because the CLR hides it from us.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What are reference variables then?  Ultimately, they're stack variables that contain our "pointer" that isn't really a pointer.  I said not to worry too much about the last two lines before, but they are intended to show you one thing: stack variables are allocated sequentially on the stack.  I declared a, then b; by obtaining a pointer to b, I was also able to obtain a pointer to a by decrementing the pointer by the size of the variable (in this case, 32 bits).  To show you that my handle is in fact legitimately pointing to a stack variable, take a look at the following code:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style="border-right: gray 1px solid; padding-right: 4px; border-top: gray 1px solid; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 4px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; overflow: auto; border-left: gray 1px solid; width: 97.5%; cursor: text; max-height: 200px; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 4px; border-bottom: gray 1px solid; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; background-color: #f4f4f4"&gt;
  &lt;div style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;
    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   1:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; unsafe void Main(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;[] args)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   2:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   3:&lt;/span&gt;     Sample s = &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt; Sample {A = 0x01020304, B = 0x0f0e0d0c0b0a0908, C = 0x0706, D = 0x0504};&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   4:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt; a = 1;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   5:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt; b = 2;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   6:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;* pA = &amp;amp;a;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   7:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;* pB = &amp;amp;b;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   8:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pB);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   9:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, *(pB - 1));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  10:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, *(pB - 2));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  11:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  12:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt; prS = (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;)(pB - 2); // the location of s &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;on&lt;/span&gt; the stack&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  13:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;* pS = *(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;**)prS;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  14:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, *pS);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  15:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, *(pS + 1));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  16:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0:x16}"&lt;/span&gt;, *(pS + 2));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  17:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  18:&lt;/span&gt;     Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  19:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Again, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color="#ff0000"&gt;the above code will not function as expected on x86&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (to make it do so, replace all long references with int).  The output of this code is fascinating:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div&gt;
  &lt;pre class="csharpcode"&gt;0000000000000002      b
0000000000000001      a
0000000002be16c8      s
00000642801a4400      *pS
0f0e0d0c0b0a0908      *(ps + 1) 
0504070601020304      *(ps + 2) &lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You might notice that s is a pointer to the heap, and that dereferencing it gives us a number that looks suspiciously similar to a RuntimeTypeHandle just like in the last example, and you'd be correct.  The other interesting thing is the variable order: the B variable in the Sample class was aligned so that it would be first (8-byte alignment on x64 appears to be the default).  Applying [StructLayout] to it as noted before makes it look right (although to the untrained eye it will look entirely backwards due to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" target="_blank"&gt;endianness&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In Part 2, I talked about how garbage collection allows us to not worry so much about external fragmentation of the heap, because the GC performs a process called "compaction," by which objects are moved around in memory so that there aren't small areas of free space.  The interesting question is: what happens if a GC compaction happens and we have a pointer to an object?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Accessing Memory Locations with Pinned Objects&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The CLR allows us to "pin" an object so that it is not moved during garbage collection.  This can potentially have some big consequences for garbage collection, though; the heap is still fragmented if an object is pinned during a pass.  What's more is that if the object becomes eligible for compaction after the pass, it's still considered a gen-0 object even though it should have moved to gen-1.  C# enables us to pin an object via the &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/f58wzh21(VS.80).aspx" target="_blank"&gt;fixed statement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In truth, the only objects worth pinning are arrays.  You can't pin a regular reference object to get a pointer for the reason shown above (it's not guaranteed to follow any particular pattern), and single value-type objects can be accessed directly on the stack without pinning.  Pinning arrays has some good performance benefits (which I'll get to a bit later), but like I said, not without a cost.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The neatest part about pointers in C# is that a pointer can be cast to a pointer of any other value-type; this is exceptionally common in C code (reading a file into memory by reading the length of a struct, and then treating the memory as a pointer to that struct, for example).  Sometimes it's simply easier for us to do that in C# than it is to use a stream.  Consider the case of reading a PE file header; it's a nightmare!  So many lines of code when you could simply read in a buffer and call it a PE file header.  Strong typing imposes that limitation, but thankfully even on edge cases like this, we can work around it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I'm not going to discuss the performance characteristics of pinned objects during a garbage collection; for one, they're hard to measure, but more importantly, it's been &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc163910.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;well-documented&lt;/a&gt; to hurt the performance of the garbage collector.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Getting Pointers without the Pinning&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There are other means by which to obtain, create, and manage pointers aside from the standard fixed statement.  As mentioned earlier, you can use the stackalloc statement to allocate a block of memory on the stack; it provides a pointer to the stack with the base of an array.  Alternatively, if you don't care about portability, you can use native Windows functions to allocate memory for you.  These functions might include LocalAlloc, HeapAlloc, VirtualAlloc, or VirtualAllocEx, depending on what your needs are.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;An interesting prospect might be to allocate multiple heaps using the HeapCreate APIs; this would allow you to manage your memory per-area of responsibility; Noel Llopis suggests such a strategy in his book &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/C-Game-Programmers-Development/dp/1584502274" target="_blank"&gt;C++ for Game Programmers&lt;/a&gt;.  Although all of this memory management might seem like overkill, if you're really hunting for the next tweak to speed up your code, this might help you get over the line.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Performance Characteristics of Unsafe vs. Safe Code&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let's not kid ourselves; unsafe code is inherently unsafe because the runtime doesn't manage the code for us.  So before using code like this in your applications, be absolutely certain that you need it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The CLR provides the means to access heap memory via the &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/5cyb68cy.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;Marshal.AllocHGlobal&lt;/a&gt; method.  The documentation notes that it uses &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa366723(VS.85).aspx" target="_blank"&gt;LocalAlloc&lt;/a&gt;, probably because LocalAlloc doesn't require a pointer to a heap.  Despite the admonition that you'll get better performance and more features out of the other functions, the use of LocalAlloc does not seem to be a hindrance in speed relative to using &lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa366599(VS.85).aspx" target="_blank"&gt;HeapCreate&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa366597(VS.85).aspx" target="_blank"&gt;HeapAlloc&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa366700(VS.85).aspx" target="_blank"&gt;HeapDestroy&lt;/a&gt;.  The execution times are shown here:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="993" border="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td valign="top" width="255"&gt; &lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="159"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Debug Mode - 5 Iterations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="161"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Release Mode - 5 Iterations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="218"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Debug Mode - 25 Iterations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="198"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Release Mode - 25 Iterations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;

    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td valign="top" width="254"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Normal .NET Array [] notation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="160"&gt;x86: 17ms; x64: 45ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="161"&gt;x86: 15ms; x64: 65ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="218"&gt;x86: 109ms; x64: 252ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="198"&gt;x86: 95ms; x64: 333ms&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;

    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td valign="top" width="254"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marshal.AllocHGlobal with pointers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="161"&gt;x86: 15ms; x64: 36ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="161"&gt;x86: 14ms; 30ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="218"&gt;x86: 95ms; x64: 193ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="197"&gt;x86: 80ms; x64: 148ms&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;

    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td valign="top" width="253"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LocalAlloc P/Invoke with Pointers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="162"&gt;x86: 16ms; x64: 37ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="161"&gt;x86: 14ms; x64: 31ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="218"&gt;x86: 96ms; x64: 193ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="197"&gt;x86: 78ms; x64: 161ms&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;

    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td valign="top" width="253"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HeapAlloc P/Invoke with Pointers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="163"&gt;x86: 16ms; x64: 42ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="161"&gt;x86: 14ms; x64: 32ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="218"&gt;x86: 102ms; x64: 197ms&lt;/td&gt;

      &lt;td valign="top" width="197"&gt;x86: 88ms; x64: 166ms&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, the normal array bracket notation performed significantly worse in release builds than in debug builds on x64; I don't really have an answer for why that would be.  I did &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; perform extensive statistical regression or even provide averages; I ran each set three times, and if they all looked mostly the same, I used the data.  These data are from x64 machines; the x86 results were from setting compilation target to x86 and running the program in WOW64.  I was surprised how much slower x64 was, though it might have been because we were using machine words on x86, and half-words on x64.  Perhaps memory access would be faster if we were using longs on x64.  (Prelim tests seem to confirm this; I will post a follow-up soon.)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Here are the P/Invoke declarations:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style="border-right: gray 1px solid; padding-right: 4px; border-top: gray 1px solid; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 4px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; overflow: auto; border-left: gray 1px solid; width: 97.5%; cursor: text; max-height: 200px; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 4px; border-bottom: gray 1px solid; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; background-color: #f4f4f4"&gt;
  &lt;div style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;
    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   1:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;enum&lt;/span&gt; LocalAllocFlags&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   2:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   3:&lt;/span&gt;     Fixed = 0,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   4:&lt;/span&gt;     Moveable = 2,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   5:&lt;/span&gt;     ZeroInit = 0x40,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   6:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   7:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   8:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;enum&lt;/span&gt; HeapCreateFlags&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   9:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  10:&lt;/span&gt;     None = 0,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  11:&lt;/span&gt;     EnableExecute = 0x40000,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  12:&lt;/span&gt;     GenerateExceptions = 4,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  13:&lt;/span&gt;     NoSerialize = 1,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  14:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  15:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  16:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;enum&lt;/span&gt; HeapAllocFlags&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  17:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  18:&lt;/span&gt;     None = 0,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  19:&lt;/span&gt;     GenerateExceptions = 4,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  20:&lt;/span&gt;     NoSerialize = 1,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  21:&lt;/span&gt;     ZeroMemory = 8,&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  22:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  23:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  24:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; UnsafeNativeMethods&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  25:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  26:&lt;/span&gt;     [DllImport(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"kernel32.dll"&lt;/span&gt;)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  27:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;extern&lt;/span&gt; IntPtr LocalAlloc(LocalAllocFlags flags, UIntPtr uBytes);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  28:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  29:&lt;/span&gt;     [DllImport(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"kernel32.dll"&lt;/span&gt;)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  30:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;extern&lt;/span&gt; IntPtr LocalFree(IntPtr hMem);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  31:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  32:&lt;/span&gt;     [DllImport(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"kernel32.dll"&lt;/span&gt;)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  33:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;extern&lt;/span&gt; IntPtr HeapCreate(HeapCreateFlags flOptions, UIntPtr dwInitialSize, UIntPtr dwMaxSize);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  34:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  35:&lt;/span&gt;     [DllImport(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"kernel32.dll"&lt;/span&gt;)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  36:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;extern&lt;/span&gt; IntPtr HeapAlloc(IntPtr hHeap, HeapAllocFlags dwFlags, UIntPtr dwBytes);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  37:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  38:&lt;/span&gt;     [DllImport(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"kernel32.dll"&lt;/span&gt;)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  39:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;extern&lt;/span&gt; IntPtr HeapFree(IntPtr hHeap, HeapAllocFlags dwFlags, IntPtr lpMem);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  40:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  41:&lt;/span&gt;     [DllImport(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"kernel32.dll"&lt;/span&gt;)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  42:&lt;/span&gt;     [&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  43:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;extern&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt; HeapDestroy(IntPtr hHeap);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  44:&lt;/span&gt; }&lt;/pre&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;And finally, here's the benchmarking code:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style="border-right: gray 1px solid; padding-right: 4px; border-top: gray 1px solid; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 4px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; overflow: auto; border-left: gray 1px solid; width: 97.5%; cursor: text; max-height: 200px; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 4px; border-bottom: gray 1px solid; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; background-color: #f4f4f4"&gt;
  &lt;div style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;
    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   1:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; Program&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   2:&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   3:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;const&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; ITERATIONS = 25;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   4:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;unsafe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; Main(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;[] args)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   5:&lt;/span&gt;     {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   6:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"Press &amp;lt;enter&amp;gt; to start."&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   7:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   8:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;   9:&lt;/span&gt;         Stopwatch arrayClock = Stopwatch.StartNew();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  10:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; iter = 0; iter &amp;lt; ITERATIONS; iter++)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  11:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  12:&lt;/span&gt;             RunArrayTest();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  13:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  14:&lt;/span&gt;         arrayClock.Stop();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  15:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0}ms elapsed for Array test, {1} iterations.  Press &amp;lt;enter&amp;gt; to continue."&lt;/span&gt;, arrayClock.ElapsedMilliseconds, ITERATIONS);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  16:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  17:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  18:&lt;/span&gt;         Stopwatch marshalClock = Stopwatch.StartNew();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  19:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; iter = 0; iter &amp;lt; ITERATIONS; iter++)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  20:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  21:&lt;/span&gt;             RunMarshalAllocHGlobalTest();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  22:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  23:&lt;/span&gt;         marshalClock.Stop();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  24:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0}ms elapsed for Marshal test, {1} iterations.  Press &amp;lt;enter&amp;gt; to continue."&lt;/span&gt;, marshalClock.ElapsedMilliseconds, ITERATIONS);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  25:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  26:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  27:&lt;/span&gt;         Stopwatch localClock = Stopwatch.StartNew();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  28:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; iter = 0; iter &amp;lt; ITERATIONS; iter++)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  29:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  30:&lt;/span&gt;             RunLocalAllocTest();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  31:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  32:&lt;/span&gt;         localClock.Stop();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  33:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0}ms elapsed for LocalAlloc P/Invoke test, {1} iterations.  Press &amp;lt;enter&amp;gt; to continue."&lt;/span&gt;, localClock.ElapsedMilliseconds, ITERATIONS);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  34:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  35:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  36:&lt;/span&gt;         Stopwatch heapClock = Stopwatch.StartNew();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  37:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; iter = 0; iter &amp;lt; ITERATIONS; iter++)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  38:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  39:&lt;/span&gt;             RunHeapAllocTest();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  40:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  41:&lt;/span&gt;         heapClock.Stop();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  42:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"{0}ms elapsed for HeapAlloc P/Invoke test, {1} iterations.  Press &amp;lt;enter&amp;gt; to continue."&lt;/span&gt;, heapClock.ElapsedMilliseconds, ITERATIONS);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  43:&lt;/span&gt;         Console.ReadLine();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  44:&lt;/span&gt;     }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  45:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  46:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;unsafe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; RunHeapAllocTest()&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  47:&lt;/span&gt;     {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  48:&lt;/span&gt;         UIntPtr pSize = &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt; UIntPtr((&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;uint&lt;/span&gt;)(1048576 * &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;sizeof&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;)));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  49:&lt;/span&gt;         IntPtr pHeap = UnsafeNativeMethods.HeapCreate(HeapCreateFlags.None, pSize, UIntPtr.Zero);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  50:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; (pHeap == IntPtr.Zero)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  51:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  52:&lt;/span&gt;             Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"Could not create heap."&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  53:&lt;/span&gt;             &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  54:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  55:&lt;/span&gt;         IntPtr pMem = UnsafeNativeMethods.HeapAlloc(pHeap, HeapAllocFlags.ZeroMemory, pSize);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  56:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; (pMem == IntPtr.Zero)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  57:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  58:&lt;/span&gt;             Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"Could not allocate heap."&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  59:&lt;/span&gt;             &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  60:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  61:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  62:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;* pNumbers = (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;*)pMem.ToPointer();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  63:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; i = 0; i &amp;lt; 1048576; i++)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  64:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  65:&lt;/span&gt;             pNumbers[i] = i;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  66:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  67:&lt;/span&gt;         UnsafeNativeMethods.HeapFree(pHeap, HeapAllocFlags.None, pMem);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  68:&lt;/span&gt;         UnsafeNativeMethods.HeapDestroy(pHeap);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  69:&lt;/span&gt;     }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  70:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  71:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;unsafe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; RunLocalAllocTest()&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  72:&lt;/span&gt;     {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  73:&lt;/span&gt;         UIntPtr pSize = &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt; UIntPtr((&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;uint&lt;/span&gt;)(1048576 * &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;sizeof&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;)));&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  74:&lt;/span&gt;         IntPtr pMem = UnsafeNativeMethods.LocalAlloc(LocalAllocFlags.ZeroInit, pSize);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  75:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; (pMem == IntPtr.Zero)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  76:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  77:&lt;/span&gt;             Console.WriteLine(&lt;span style="color: #006080"&gt;"Could not allocate heap memory."&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  78:&lt;/span&gt;             &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  79:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  80:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  81:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;* pNumbers = (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;*)pMem.ToPointer();&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  82:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="color: #0000ff"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt; i = 0; i &amp;lt; 1048576; i++)&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  83:&lt;/span&gt;         {&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  84:&lt;/span&gt;             pNumbers[i] = i;&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  85:&lt;/span&gt;         }&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #606060"&gt;  86:&lt;/span&gt;         UnsafeNativeMethods.LocalFree(pMem);&lt;/pre&gt;

    &lt;pre style="padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 8pt; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0em; overflow: visible; width: 100%; color: black; border-top-style: none; line-height: 12pt; padding-top: 0px; font-family: consolas, 'Courier New', courier, monospace; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none"&gt;&lt;span s