One of the quick-n-awesome ways to do this is to simply hook up a PowerShell console (SharePoint 2010 Management Shell) and then just write the following command (replace the <GUID> with the Correlation Id):
get-splogevent | ?{$_Correlation -eq "<GUID>" }
This will give you the details about your specific error like this in the console:
You might want to be more precise and get more specific details out of your query, then you can try something like this:
get-splogevent | ?{$_.Correlation -eq "<GUID>"} | select Area, Category, Level, EventID, Message | Format-List
This will give you the details about your specific error like this with some juicy details:
Finally if you would want these messages to be put into a text or log file instead, you could just add the classic “> C:Awesome.log” after the command like this:
get-splogevent | ?{$_.Correlation -eq "<GUID>"} | select Area, Category, Level, EventID, Message | Format-List > C:Awesome.log
On MSDN they have an overvoew of using SP-GetLogEvent which I would recommend!