Heres an interesting Wikipedia topic - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thought_processes
This is a list of thinking styles, methods of thinking (thinking skills), and types of thought.
I wonder how many of these have been abstracted into algorithms and computational models?
I've read 2/3 of Norvig's AI book, and i can see that serious attempts have been made at problem solving, reasoning, planning, reasoning under uncertainty and learning. I've also looked into the problem of Attention.